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Arabica coffee production in Indonesia – Disposable Dental Impression Tray Manufacturer

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History The Dutch governor in Malabar India sent a Yemeni or Arabica coffee Coffea arabica seedling to the Dutch governor of Batavia now Jakarta in 1696 The first seedlings failed due to flooding in Batavia A second shipments of seedlings was sent in 1699 The plants grew and in 1711 the first exports were sent from Java to Europe by the Dutch East India Company known by its Dutch initials VOC Vereeningde Oost Indische Company which was established in 1602 Within 10 years exports rose to 60 tons per year Indonesia was the first place outside of Arabia and Ethiopia where coffee was widely cultivated VOC monopolized coffee trading in 1725 to 1780 The coffee was shipped to Europe from the port of Batavia now Jakarta There has been a port at the mouth of Ciliwung River since 397 AD when King Purnawarman established the city he called Sunda Kelapa Today in the Kota area of Jakarta one can find echoes of the sea going legacy that built the city Sail driven ships still load cargo in the old port The Bahari museum occupies a former warehouse of the VOC which was used to store spices and coffee Menara Syahbandar or Lookout Tower was built in 1839 to replace the flag pole that stood at the head of wharves where the VOC ships docked to load their cargos In the 1700s coffee shipped from Batavia sold for 3 Guilders per kilogram in Amsterdam Since annual incomes in Holland in the 1700s were between 200 to 400 Guilders this was equivalent of several hundred dollars per kilogram today By the end of the 18th century the price had dropped to 0 6 Guilders per kilogram and coffee drinking spread from the elite to the general population The coffee trade was very profitable for the VOC but less so for the Indonesian farmers who were forced to grow it by the colonial government In theory production of export crops was meant to provide cash for Javanese villagers to pay their taxes This was in Dutch known as the Cultuurstelsel Cultivation system and it covered spices and a wide range of other tropical cash crops Cultuur stelsel was iniated on coffee at Preanger region of West Java In practice however the prices set for the cash crops by the government were too low and they diverted labor from rice production causing great hardship for farmers By mid of 1970 the Ducth East Indies expanded Arabica coffee growing areas in Sumatra Bali Sulawesi and Timor In Sulawesi the coffee was first planted in 1750 In North Sumatra highlands coffee was first grown near Lake Toba in 1888 followed in Gayo highland Aceh near Lake Laut Tawar in 1924 In 1860 a Dutch colonial official Eduard Douwes Dekker wrote a book called ax Havelaar and the Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company which exposed the oppression of villagers by corrupt and greedy officials This book helped to change Dutch public opinion about the ultivation System and colonialism in general More recently the name Max Havelaar was adopted by one of the first fair trade organizations In the late eighteen hundreds Dutch colonialists established large coffee plantations on the Ijen Plateau in eastern Java In the 1920 smallholders throughout Indonesia began to grow coffee as a cash crop However disaster struck in the 1876 when the coffee rust disease swept through Indonesia wiping out most of Typica cultivar Robusta coffee C canephor var robusta was introduced to East Java in 1900 as a substitute especially at lower altitudes where the rust was particularly devastating The plantations on Java were nationalized at independence and revitalized with new varieties of Coffea arabica in the 1950s These varieties were also adopted by smallholders through the government and various development programs Cultivation Today more than 90 of Indonesia coffee is grown by smallholders on farms averaging one hectare or less Much of the production is organic and 19 farmers cooperatives and exporters are internationally certified to market organic coffee There are more than 20 varieties of Coffea arabica being grown commercially in Indonesia They fall into six main categories Typica this is the original cultivar introduced by the Dutch Much of the Typica was lost in the late 1880s when Coffee Leaf Rust swept through Indonesia However both the Bergandal and Sidikalang varieties of Typica can still be found in Sumatra especially at higher altitudes Hibrido de Timor HDT This variety which is also called im Tim is a natural cross between Arabica and Robusta It was first collected in East Timor in 1978 and planted in Aceh in 1979 Linie S This is a group of varieties was originally developed in India from the Bourbon cultivar The most common are S 288 and S 795 which are found in Lintong Aceh Flores and other areas Ethiopian lines These include Rambung and Abyssinia which were brought to Java in 1928 Since then they have been brought to Aceh as well Another group of Ethiopian varieties found in Sumatra are called SDA after an American project that brought them to Indonesia in the 1950s Caturra cultivars Caturra is a mutation of Bourbon coffee which originated in Brazil Catimor lines This cross between Arabica and Robusta has a reputation for poor flavor However there are numerous types of Catimor including one that farmers have named teng Jaluk On going research in Aceh has revealed locally adapted Catimor varieties with excellent cup characteristics Sumatra Mandheling Lintong and Gayo Coffee from this western most island in Indonesia is intriguing and complex due to the large number of small holder producers and the unique iling Basah wet hulling processing technique they use At the green bean stage coffee from this area has a distinctive bluish color which is attributed to processing method and lack of iron in the soil Coffees from Sumatra are known for smooth sweet body that is balanced and intense Depending on the region or blend of regions the flavors of the land and processing can be very pronounced Notes of cocoa tobacco smoke earth and cedar wood can show well in the cup Occasionally Sumatran coffees can show greater acidity which balances the body This acidity takes on tropical fruit notes and sometimes an impression of grapefruit or lime Mandheling is a trade name used for Arabica coffee from northern Sumatra It was derived from the name of the Mandailing people who produce coffee in the Tapanuli region of Sumatra Mandheling coffee comes from Northern Sumatra as well as Aceh Lintong Lintong coffee is grown in the District of Lintongnihuta to the south west of Lake Toba This large lake is one of the deepest in the world at 505 meters The coffee production area is a high plateau known for its diversity of tree fern species This area produces 15 000 to 18 000 tons of Arabica per year A neighboring region called Sidikilang also produces Arabica coffee Gayo Mountain coffee is grown on the hillsides surrounding the town of Takegon and Lake Tawar at the northern tip of Sumatra in the region of Aceh The altitude in the production area averages between 1 110 and 1 300 meters The coffee is grown by small holders under shade trees Coffee from this region is generally processed at farm level using traditional wet methods Due to the Giling Basha processing Gayo Mountain coffee is described as higher toned and lighter bodied than Lintong and Mandheling coffees from further east in Sumatra Sulawesi Toraja Kalosi Mamasa and Gowa The Indonesian island of Sulawesi formerly called the Celebes lies to the north of Flores The primary region for high altitude Arabica production is a mountainous area called Tana Toraja at the central highlands of South Sulawesi To the south of Toraja is the region of Enrekang The capital of this region is Kalosi which is a well known brand of specialty coffee The regions of Mamasa to the west of Toraja and Gowa to the south of Kalosi also produce Arabica although they are less well known Unlike many of Indonesia islands Sulawesi is geologically ancient dating back more than 100 million years This long history has resulted in soils with a high iron content thought to affect coffee flavor Sulawesi coffees are clean and sound in the cup They generally display nutty or warm spice notes like cinnamon or cardamom Hints of black pepper are sometimes found Their sweetness as with most Indonesian coffees is closely related to the body of the coffee The aftertaste coats the palate on the finish and is smooth and soft Most of Sulawesi coffee is grown by small holders with about 5 coming from seven larger estates The people of Tana Toraja build distinctively shaped houses and maintain ancient and complex rituals related to death and the afterlife This respect for tradition is also found in way that small holders process their coffee Sulawesi farmers use a unique process called iling Basah wet hulling Java Java Arabica coffee production is centered on the Ijen Plateau at the eastern end of Java at an altitude of more than 1 400 meters The coffee is primarily grown on large estates that were built by the Dutch in the 18th century The five largest estates are Blawan also spelled Belawan or Blauan Jampit or Djampit Pancoer or Pancur Kayumas and Tugosari and they cover more than 4 000 hectares These estates transport ripe cherries quickly to their mills after harvest The pulp is then fermented and washed off using the wet process with rigorous quality control This results in coffee with good heavy body and a sweet overall impression They are sometimes rustic in their flavor profiles but display a lasting finish At their best they are smooth and supple and sometimes have a subtle herbaceous note in the aftertaste This coffee is prized as one component in the traditional occa Java blend which pairs coffee from Yemen and Java Certain estates age a portion of their coffee for up to five years normally in large burlap sacks which are regularly aired dusted and flipped As they age the beans turn from green to light brown and their flavor gains strength while losing acidity Aged coffees can display flavors ranging from cedar to spices such as cinnamon or clove and often develop a thick almost syrupy body These aged coffees are called Old Government Old Brown or Old Java Bali The highland plateau of Kintamani between the volcanoes of Batukaru and Agung is the main coffee growing area Many coffee farmers on Bali are members of a traditional farming system called Subak Abian which is based on the Hindu philosophy of Tri Hita Karana According to this philosophy the three causes of happiness are good relations with God other people and the environment The Subak Abian system is ideally suited to the production of fair trade and organic coffee production Stakeholders in Bali including the Subak Abian have created Indonesia s first Geographic Indication G I Once it is recognized by the government this G I will protect Kinatamani coffee from blending or mis labeling Generally Balinese coffee is carefully processed under tight control using the wet method This results in a sweet soft coffee with good consistency Typical flavors include lemon and other citrus notes Flores Flores or Flower Island is 360 miles long and is located 200 miles to the east of Bali The terrain of Flores is rugged with numerous active and inactive volcanoes Ash from these volcanoes has created especially fertile Andosols ideal for organic coffee production Arabica coffee is grown at 1 200 to 1 800 meters on hillsides and plateaus Most of the production is grown under shade trees and wet processed at farm level Coffee from Flores is known for sweet chocolate floral and woody notes Papua New Guinea is the second largest island in the world The western half of New Guinea is part of Indonesia The Indonesian half of the island was formerly called rian Jaya Today it is known as Papua and it is divided into two provinces Papua and West Papua There are two main coffee growing areas in Papua The first is the Baliem Valley in the central highlands of the Jayawijaya region surrounding the town of Wamena The second is the Kamu Valley in the Nabire Region at the eastern edge of the central highlands surrounding the town of Moanemani Both areas lie at altitudes between 1 400 and 2000 meters creating ideal conditions for Arabica production Together these areas currently produce about 230 tons of coffee per year This is set to rise as new companies are setting up buying and processing operations These companies are assisting farmers to obtain organic and fair trade certification which will significantly improve incomes The area is extremely remote with most coffee growing areas inaccessible by road and nearly untouched by the modern world All coffee is shade grown under Calliandra Erythrina and Albizia trees Farmers in Papua use a wet hulled process Chemical fertilizer pesticide and herbicide are unknown in this origin which makes this coffee both rare and valuable Harvesting and processing All Arabica coffee in Indonesia is picked by hand whether it is grown by small holders or on medium sized estates After harvest the coffee is processed in a variety of ways each imparting its own flavors and aromas to the final product A small number of farmers in Sulawesi Flores and Bali use the most traditional method of all dry processing The coffee cherries are dried in the sun and then dehulled in a dry state Most farmers on Sulawesi Sumatra Flores and Papua use a unique process called iling Basah or Wet Hulling In this technique farmers remove the outer skin from the cherries mechanically using rustic pulping machines called uwak The coffee beans still coated with mucilage are then stored for up to a day Following this waiting period the mucilage is washed off and the coffee is partially dried for sale Collectors and processors then hull the coffee in a semi wet state which gives the beans a distinctive bluish green appearance This process reduces acidity and increases body resulting in the classic Indonesian cup profile Larger processing mills estates and some farmer cooperatives on Sumatra Java S

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